Criminal Justice Practice Exam 2025 - Free Criminal Justice Practice Questions and Study Guide

Strain Theory posits that crime can emerge when individuals experience a disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve those goals. Developed by sociologist Robert Merton, this theory suggests that when people are unable to reach socially accepted standards of success due to structural barriers—such as poverty, lack of education, or discrimination—they may resort to deviant behavior as a way to cope with this strain.

This theory emphasizes that not everyone has equal access to legitimate opportunities, meaning that frustration and feelings of inadequacy can lead to criminal behavior as individuals seek alternative routes to achieve success. In contrast, the other theories focus on different aspects of crime: Anomie Theory relates to social disorganization and normlessness; Routine Activities Theory centers on the circumstances that facilitate crime; and Social Learning Theory highlights the role of learned behaviors and social interactions in the development of criminality.